FN P90

P90
Photo of the P90 LV/LIR with an empty magazine inserted in the weapon
FN P90 LV/LIR with empty magazine
Type Personal defense weapon
Place of origin  Belgium
Service history
In service 1991–present [1]
Used by See Users
Wars
Production history
Designed 1986–1990 [1]
Manufacturer FN Herstal
Produced 1990–present [2]
Variants See Variants:
  • P90
  • P90 TR
  • P90 USG
  • P90 LV/LIR
  • PS90
Specifications
Weight
  • 2.54 kg (5.60 lb) empty [3]
  • 2.68 kg (5.9 lb) empty magazine [4]
  • 3.0 kg (6.6 lb) loaded magazine [4]
Length 500 mm (19.7 in) [3]
Barrel length 263 mm (10.4 in) [5]
Width 55 mm (2.2 in) [6]
Height 210 mm (8.3 in) [6]
Cartridge 5.7x28mm [5]
Action Straight blowback, closed bolt [5]
Rate of fire 900 rounds/min [3]
Muzzle velocity
  • 850 m/s (2,800 ft/s) (SS90) [4]
  • 715 m/s (2,350 ft/s) (SS190) [3]
Effective range 200 m (655 ft) [7]
Maximum range 1,800 m (5,905 ft) [7]
Feed system 50-round detachable box magazine [5]
Sights Tritium-illuminated reflex sight, back-up iron sights [3]

The FN P90 is a selective fire personal defense weapon (PDW) designed and manufactured by FN Herstal in Belgium.[3] The P90's name is an abbreviation of FN's Project 9.0—the weapon was created in response to NATO requests for a replacement for 9x19mm Parabellum firearms.[8] It was designed as a compact but powerful firearm for vehicle drivers, operators of crew-served weapons, support personnel, special forces and counter-terrorist groups.[3]

The P90 has a compact bullpup design and ambidextrous controls. It features several innovations such as the top-mounted magazine and FN's high velocity 5.7x28mm ammunition.[9] The P90 was developed between 1986 and 1990.[1] A P90 TR variant was then introduced in 1999, featuring a triple rail interface system for mounting accessories.[6] Since 2005, the P90 has also been offered to civilian shooters as the PS90, a semi-automatic sporting version with a lengthened barrel.[10]

By 2003, the P90 was in use with military and police forces in over 25 countries worldwide.[6] In the United States, the P90 was in use with over 200 law enforcement agencies by 2009.[11] The PS90 sporting model has also become popular with civilian shooters in the United States.[12]

Contents

History

The P90 was developed by FN between 1986 and 1990 in conjunction with the 5.7x28mm cartridge. FN's goal was to replace the pistol-caliber submachine guns which were in use at the time by military and law enforcement personnel, as it had become evident that such weapons were ineffective against body armor.[4][13]

Initially the weapon was designed to use a 5.7x28mm cartridge called the SS90.[4] The SS90 propelled a 1.5-g (23 gr) plastic-core projectile from the P90 at a muzzle velocity of roughly 850 m/s (2,800 ft/s).[4] The first prototypes firing this ammunition were completed in 1987, and over 3,000 submachine guns were produced in this configuration until 1993, in a low-rate trial production mode.[14][15] Shortly after its introduction, the weapon was adopted and used in service with the Belgian special forces group in the 1991 Gulf War.[1]

Following the P90's introduction, FN revised the 5.7x28mm ammunition and abandoned the SS90 variation.[4] The new variation, designated the SS190, used a projectile 2.7 mm (0.11 in) shorter in length than that of the SS90.[4] This allowed it to be used more conveniently in the 5.7x28mm FN Five-seven pistol, which was under development at that time.[16] This projectile also had a heavier weight and more conventional construction containing an aluminium core and steel penetrator.[4][17][18] A modified version of the P90 with a magazine adapted to use the shortened ammunition was introduced in 1993.[16] Several special cartridge variations were also developed, such as the L191 tracer round and the subsonic SB193 bullet for use with a sound-suppressed P90.[17]

Further development of the P90 platform led to the creation of the P90 TR variant, which has a MIL-STD-1913 top rail system. This variant was introduced in 1999 and continues to be offered alongside the standard P90.[6] More recently, the P90 has been offered to civilian shooters in various configurations as the PS90. This is a semi-automatic sporting carbine with a lengthened 407 mm (16.0 in) barrel.[19]

Design details

The P90 is a selective fire straight blowback-operated weapon with a short recoiling barrel and fires from a closed bolt.[2][3][4] The return mechanism consists of two parallel spring guide rods that also guide the bolt carrier assembly. The weapon's 263-mm (10.39 in) hammer-forged steel barrel is fitted with a ported, diagonally cut flash suppressor that also acts as a recoil compensator.[5]

Photo of a disassembled PS90, showing the major component groups: 1. trigger group, 2. barrel and optical sight assembly, 3. butt plate, 4. magazine, 5. bolt carrier and recoil assembly, 6. stock body and trigger.
A disassembled PS90, showing the major component groups: 1. trigger group, 2. barrel and optical sight assembly, 3. butt plate, 4. magazine, 5. bolt carrier and recoil assembly, 6. stock body and trigger. The standard P90 disassembles into similar main components.

The P90 is designed in the bullpup configuration, in that the action and magazine are located behind the trigger and alongside the shooter's face. This reduces the firearm's overall length, because there is no wasted space in the buttstock as in conventional designs. The P90 is fully ambidextrous—it can be operated by right or left-handed shooters with equal ease, and without making any modifications to the weapon. The charging handle, auxiliary fixed sights and magazine release are symmetrically distributed on both sides of the firearm. The manual fire selector below the trigger can be operated from either side. Spent cartridge casings are ejected downward through a chute located aft of the pistol grip, keeping fired cases out of the shooter's line of sight.[1][2][4]

The pistol grip has a thumbhole and oversized trigger guard that acts as the forward grip, and a protrusion is incorporated into the front of the weapon's stock to prevent the user from accidentally reaching out in front of the muzzle during firing.[4] The P90 is a modular firearm and consists of 69 parts that disassemble into four main groups: the barrel with integrated sight assembly, the receiver with return mechanism, the stock body with trigger and firing mechanism, and the magazine. The weapon's design makes extensive use of polymers and lightweight alloys to reduce both the weight and the cost of the weapon.[4]

The P90 uses an internal hammer striking mechanism and a trigger mechanism with a three-position rotary dial fire control selector, located at the foot of the trigger. The fire selector also provides a manual safety against accidental firing. The dial has three settings: "S" – safe, "1" – semi-automatic fire, and "A" – fully automatic fire. When set on "A", the selector provides a two-stage trigger operation similar to that of the Steyr AUG. Pulling the trigger back slightly produces semi-automatic fire and pulling the trigger fully to the rear produces fully automatic fire.[1][2][4] The "safe" setting disables the trigger.

Ammunition

Main article: 5.7x28mm
Photo of three 5.7x28mm cartridges as used in the P90. The left cartridge has a plain hollow tip, the center cartridge has a red plastic V-max tip, and the right cartridge has a blue plastic V-max tip.
5.7x28mm cartridges as used in the P90 and sporting models

Particularly significant to the design of the P90 is the high velocity bottlenecked cartridge it uses. The 5.7x28mm cartridge was created by FN in response to NATO requests for a replacement for the 9x19mm Parabellum cartridge.[9] The cartridge weighs 6.0 g (93 grains),[20] roughly half as much as a typical 9x19mm cartridge, allowing extra ammunition to be carried more easily.[10][21][22] The 5.7x28mm cartridge produces considerable muzzle blast and flash, but it produces roughly 30 percent less recoil than the 9x19mm Parabellum cartridge, improving controllability.[21][22] It also exhibits an exceptionally flat trajectory.[21][23]

One of the design intents of the SS190 variation of this cartridge (not sporting variations) was that it have the ability to penetrate Kevlar protective vests, such as the NATO CRISAT vest, that will stop conventional pistol bullets.[22] The 5.7x28mm SS190 variation is capable of penetrating the CRISAT vest at a range of 200 m (655 ft).[22] It is also capable of penetrating a Level IIIA Kevlar vest at the same range.[23]

FN states that the P90 has an effective range of 200 m (655 ft) and a maximum range of 1,800 m (5,905 ft).[7] In testing in 1999 by the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP), the SS190 fired from the P90 at a distance of 25 m (82 ft) exhibited an average penetration depth of 25 cm (9.85 in) in ballistic gelatin covered with a Level II vest.[24] In testing done by Houston Police Department SWAT, the SS190 fired from the P90 typically exhibited 28 to 34 cm (11 to 13.5 in) penetration in bare ballistic gelatin.[23] The SS190 and similar 5.7x28mm projectiles have been shown to turn base over point ("tumble") in testing in ballistic gelatin and other media, using the 21.6-mm (.85 in) projectile length[25] to create a larger wound cavity.[3][10][23][26][27] However, some are skeptical of the bullet's terminal performance, and it is a subject of debate among civilian shooters in the United States.[27]

The 5.7x28mm projectiles are statistically safer than others, because the projectile designs limit overpenetration and the projectiles have a low risk of ricochet.[18][24][26] Since the SS190 projectile does not rely on fragmentation or the expansion of a hollow point, the cartridge (and 5.7x28mm weapons) are considered suitable for military use under the Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907, which prohibit use of expanding or fragmenting bullets in warfare.[27]

Photo of the circular bulge at the end of the magazine, containing the rotary feed ramp.
The circular bulge at the end of the magazine

Feeding

The P90 uses a unique horizontally-mounted feeding system that was patented in the United States. U.S. Patent 4,905,394 ("Top mounted longitudinal magazine") was awarded in 1990, naming René Predazzer as the sole inventor.[28] To allow the shooter to conveniently check the amount of ammunition remaining, the box magazine is composed of translucent polymer. The magazine is mounted parallel to the barrel, fitting flush with the top of the receiver. It contains 50 rounds, which lie in two rows pointed at a right angle to the barrel. As the cartridges are pushed forward by spring pressure and arrive at the end of the magazine, they are fed as a single row into a spiral feed ramp and rotated 90 degrees, aligning them with the chamber.[1][3][4]

Sights and accessories

The P90 was originally equipped with an unmagnified HC-14-62 reflex sight from Ring Sights, which enabled quick target acquisition up to 150 m (490 ft) and operation in low-level lighting conditions due to a tritium-illuminated aiming reticle. The current P90 is fitted with the Ring Sights MC-10-80 sight, which was designed specifically for the weapon.[1][3] It uses a forward-aimed fiber optic collector to illuminate the daytime reticle, which consists of a large circle of about 180 Minutes of arc (MOA), with a 20 MOA circle surrounding a dot in the center. The night reticle consists of an open "T" that is primarily illuminated by a tritium module or moonlight and ambient light drawn in by an upward-facing collector. The sight is adjustable for both windage and elevation and can be used with night vision equipment.[29] Auxiliary fixed iron sights are provided on both sides of the receiver's cast aluminium optical sight housing.[1][3]

The P90 has provisions for mounting a number of different types of accessories, including tactical lights and laser aiming modules. It can also be fitted with various sound suppressors such as the Gemtech SP90, which was designed specifically for the P90. This stainless steel suppressor with a black oxide finish has a length of 200 mm (7.9 in), a diameter of 40 mm (1.6 in) and a weight 400 g (0.88 lb).[30] When proper ammunition is used, it reduces the sound signature of the weapon by 33 dB.[7][31]

Variants

P90 TR
The P90 TR (Triple Rail) variant was introduced in 1999.[6] It features a receiver-mounted triple MIL-STD-1913 rail interface system, or "Triple Rail". There is one full-length rail on the top of the base and two rail stumps on the sides of the receiver. The side rails serve to mount accessories such as laser aiming devices or flashlights, while the integrated top rail will accept various optics with no tools or additional mounting hardware required.[5]
P90 USG
The P90 USG (United States Government) variant is similar to the standard P90 with the exception of a revised optic system, developed based on input from the United States Secret Service and other government agencies. The aluminium sight uses a non-magnified black reticle that does not require ambient light.[32]
P90 Laserex models
The P90 LV (Laser Visible) and P90 LIR (Laser Infrared) models add an integrated visible laser sight or infrared sight, respectively.[1] They were introduced in late 1995.[33] Both units are manufactured by the Australian company Laserex Technologies. The laser's power switch is a green button located under the trigger grip. The lasers have three internal settings: "off" – to prevent accidental activation, "low-intensity" – for combat training and extended battery life, and "high-intensity" – for maximum visibility.[34]
Photo of an OD green PS90 sporting carbine, equipped with a sling
The PS90 is a sporting carbine designed for civilian shooters. Here, an OD green PS90 is equipped with a sling.

PS90 sporting models

The PS90 is a semi-automatic sporting version designed for the civilian market and introduced in late 2005.[19][35] It has an extended 407-mm (16 in) barrel, an olive drab or black synthetic stock body, and an MC-10-80 reflex sight identical to that of the standard P90. The overall length of the PS90 is 667 mm (26.3 in). The barrel has eight rifling grooves with a right-hand twist rate of 1:178 mm (1:7 in), and a rifled length of 376 mm (14.8 in). It is equipped with a fixed "birdcage" type flash suppressor.
The PS90's MC-10-80 sight can be removed and replaced with a special top rail for mounting third party optics, and the receiver assembly is drilled and tapped to accept accessory Picatinny rails on either side. The trigger pull is rated at approximately 31 to 36 N (7 to 8 lbf).[36] The PS90 weighs 2.9 kg (6.4 lb) empty and 3.4 kg (7.5 lb) with a fully loaded 50-round magazine.[13][35] It accepts the standard 50-round P90 magazines, but it is sold with a 10 or 30-round magazine, depending on local and state regulations.
PS90 TR
The PS90 TR uses a "Triple Rail" receiver assembly in the same fashion as the P90 TR.[19] The standard back-up iron sights are no longer present, and instead, the top of the receiver is machined to form a Picatinny rail. Two plastic side-rails are included for mounting lasers or tactical flashlights. Like the standard PS90, the PS90 TR is available with either an olive-drab or black stock body.[19]
PS90 USG
Another sporting variant is the PS90 USG.[19] In the same fashion as the standard P90 USG, this variant replaces the PS90's MC-10-80 reflex sight with an unmagnified sight that has a black ring aiming reticle. Like other sporting models, the PS90 USG is offered with either an olive-drab or black stock body.[19]
Photo of a Cypriot National Guard member carrying a P90 during a parade in Larnaca
The Cypriot National Guard purchased 350 P90s in 2000.[7] Here, a P90 LV/LIR is seen being carried during a military parade in Larnaca.

Users

Despite being originally intended as a defensive weapon for military personnel whose primary role is not fighting with small arms (such as vehicle drivers), most sales of the P90 have actually been to special forces and counter-terrorist groups who use it for offensive roles.[37] The P90 first saw operational use in the 1991 Gulf War, with the Belgian special forces group.[1] In 1997, suppressed P90s were used by the Peruvian special forces group (Grupo de Fuerzas Especiales; GRUFE) in the rescue of hostages in the Japanese embassy hostage crisis known as Operation Chavín de Huantar.[1][38][39] By 2003, the P90 was in use by military and police forces in over 25 countries worldwide.[6]

In the United States, Houston Police Department was the first local law enforcement agency to adopt the P90, acquiring it for their SWAT team in 1999.[23] In 2003, the Houston SWAT team also became one of the first agencies in the country to use the weapon operationally in a shooting.[23] By 2009, the P90 was in use with over 200 law enforcement agencies in the United States,[11] including the US Secret Service and Federal Protective Service.[7][40] In response, the National Rifle Association added the P90 and PS90 to its NRA Tactical Police Competition standards, allowing law enforcement agencies to compete in the event using either weapon.[41] Military and law enforcement organizations using the P90 include:

Country Organization name Model Quantity Date
 Argentina Agrupación de Buzos Tácticos tactical diver group of the Argentine Navy[42][43][44] P90 — —
Former Policia Aeronáutica Nacional (PAN; National Aeronautical Police)[45] P90 — —
 Austria Jagdkommando (Jakdo) special group of the Austrian Army[46][47][48] P90, P90 TR 140 —
Kommando Militärstreife & Militärpolizei (Kdo MilStrf&MP) close protection teams[49][50][51] P90 TR — —
 Belgium Composante Maritime (Belgian Navy) commandos[52] — — —
Composante Terre (Belgian Army)[53][54] — 80 2004
Détachement d'Agents de Sécurité (DAS) dignitary protection group[53][54] P90 53 —
Directorate of Special Units (DSU) group of the Federale Politie/Police Fédérale[55][56][57] — — —
Former Gendarmerie[58] P90 114 —
Special Forces Group (SFG; used in the 1991 Gulf War)[1][59] P90 — —
Aarschot local police force[60] P90 — —
Liège local police force[61][62][63] — — 2002
Zone de Police Boraine (Boussu/Colfontaine/Frameries/Quaregnon/Saint-Ghislain municipalities) police force[64][65] P90 TR — —
 Brazil Batalhão de Operações Policiais Especiais (BOPE) of the Rio de Janeiro Military Police[66] — — —
 Canada Joint Task Force 2 (JTF2) special group of the Special Operations Forces Command[67][68][69] — — 2005
Halifax Regional Police force in Halifax Regional Municipality, Nova Scotia[70] — — —
Service de police de la Ville de Montréal (SPVM) SWAT in Montreal, Quebec[71] — — —
 Chile Fuerzas Especiales (Special Forces)[72] — — —
 Cyprus Εθνική Φρουρά (Cypriot National Guard) special forces[6][7][73][74] P90 350 2000
 Czech Republic Útvar Rychlého Nasazení (URNA) of the Czech National Police[75][76] — — —
 Dominican Republic Cuerpo de Ayudantes Militares del Presidente de la República[77][78] — — —
Dominican Republic's counter-terrorist group[79] — 150 2002
Fuerzas Armadas de la República Dominicana (Military of the Dominican Republic)[77][78][80] — — —
 El Salvador Comando Especial Antiterrorista (CEAT)[81] — 350 2002
 France 1er Régiment Parachutiste d'Infanterie de Marine (1er RPIMa) of the French Army[82] P90 — —
Commandement des Opérations Spéciales (COS) special operations group[1] — — —
GIGN counter-terrorism group of the Gendarmerie Nationale[83][84][85] P90 TR — —
GIPN counter-terrorism group of the Police Nationale[86] — — —
RAID counter-terrorism group of the Police Nationale[86][87][88] — — —
Troupes de marine naval infantry regiment of the Armée de Terre (French Army)[82] P90 — —
 Germany Bundeskriminalamt (BKA; Federal Criminal Police Office) Sicherungsgruppe (SG; tasked with protection of the chancellor and other officials)[89] P90 TR — —
 Greece Ειδική Κατασταλτική Αντιτρομοκρατική Μονάδα (EKAM) unit of the Hellenic Police[90][91][92] — — —
 Guatemala Secretaría de Asuntos Administrativos de Seguridad de la Presidencia (SAAS)[93][94] P90 20 2009
 India Special Protection Group (SPG; tasked with protection of the prime minister and other officials)[95][96][97] P90, P90 TR — 2008
 Indonesia Komando Pasukan Katak (Kopaska) tactical diver group of the Indonesian Navy[98] — — —
Komando Pasukan Khusus (Kopassus) special forces group of the Indonesian Army[98] — — —
 Ireland Sciathán Fianóglach an Airm (Army Ranger Wing) of the Irish Defence Forces[99] — — 2003
 Italy Col Moschin 9º Reggimento d'Assalto Paracadutisti of the Italian Army[100] P90 TR — —
 Jordan[101] — — — —
 Lebanon Forces de Sécurité Intérieure (FSI)[102] — — —
 Libya[103][104] — — 367 2008
 Luxembourg Unité Spéciale de la Police (USP) group of the Grand Ducal Police[46][105][106][107] P90 TR — —
 Malaysia Pasukan Khas Laut (PASKAL) special operations group of the Royal Malaysian Navy[108] — — —
 Mexico Ejército Méxicano (Mexican Army) Special Forces[109][110][111] P90 — —
Estado Mayor Presidencial (EMP; Presidential Guard)[109] — — —
Fuerzas Especiales (FES) of the Mexican Navy[109][110][112] — — —
Policía Federal (PF; Federal Police) of the Secretaría de Seguridad Pública[94] — — —
 Netherlands Korps Commandotroepen (KCT) of the Royal Netherlands Army[6][113][114][115] P90 TR — 2000
Unit Interventie Mariniers (UIM) of the Netherlands Marine Corps[116][113][117][118] P90 TR — 2001
 Pakistan Special Service Group (SSG) of the Pakistan Army[119][120] — — —
 Papua New Guinea Papua New Guinea Defence Force[121] — — —
 Peru Grupo de Fuerzas Especiales (GRUFE) of the Peruvian Armed Forces[7][122][123] (used in the rescue of hostages in the 1997 Japanese embassy hostage crisis known as Operation Chavín de Huantar)[1][38][39] — — —
Fuerza de Operaciones Especiales (FOES) of the Peruvian Navy[124][125][126] P90 53 —
 Philippines Naval Special Warfare Group[127] — — —
 Poland Grupa Reagowania Operacyjno-Manewrowego (GROM) special group[128][129] P90 TR — 2006
Biuro Ochrony Rządu [130] P90 7 2007
 Portugal Grupo de Operações Especiais (GOE) of the Polícia de Segurança Pública[131][132][133] — — 2002
 Romania Detaşamentul de Intervenţie Rapidă special operations group of the Romanian Military[134] — — —
 Saudi Arabia Special Emergency Force[4][135][136] P90 500 1992
 Singapore Singapore Armed Forces Commando Formation[137][138][139] — — 2002
 Spain Grupo Especial de Operaciones (GEO) of the Cuerpo Nacional de Policía[140][141] P90 TR — —
Ejército del Aire (Spanish Air Force) special units[142] P90 — —
 Suriname[143][144] Suriname Armed Forces[79] — 900 2001, 2002
 Taiwan[135][145] — P90 — 1992
 Thailand กองทัพบกไทย (Royal Thai Army) special units[146] — — —
 Trinidad and Tobago Trinidad and Tobago Defence Force[147] — — —
 Turkey Prime Minister's close protection teams[148][149] — — —
Jandarma Özel tim-Özel Harekat Timi counter-terrorism group[149][150][151][152] — — —
 Ukraine[153] — P90 LV 30+ 2008
 United States Navy SEALs group of the United States Navy[148] — — —
US Federal Protective Service branch of the ICE[40][154][62] P90 — 2001
US Immigration and Naturalization Service[7] — — —
US Secret Service[7][155][156][157][158] P90 TR — ~2000
Addison police department in Texas (first agency in the country to issue it to patrol cars)[159][160][161] PS90 TR 52 2007
Alaska State Troopers in Alaska[162] P90 LV 9 —
Birmingham Police Department SWAT in Alabama[163][164] P90 — —
Bryan police department SWAT in Texas[165] — — —
Creve Coeur police department in Missouri[166] — — —
Edina police department in Minnesota[167] — 11 2005
Houston Police Department SWAT in Texas (first local law enforcement agency in the country to adopt and use the weapon)[23][39] P90 5 1999
Kutztown police department in Pennsylvania[168] — — —
Olathe police department ERT in Kansas[169] — 23 2001
Passaic County sheriff's department SWAT in New Jersey[26] — — 2002
Richland County Sheriff's Department SRT in South Carolina[170] — — 2000
Sioux Falls Police Department SWAT in South Dakota[171][172] — — —
Sparta Police Department in New Jersey[173] — — —
Zapata County sheriff's department in Texas[174] — — —
 Venezuela Bodyguards assigned to the Ministerio del Poder Popular para Relaciones Exteriores[175] — — —
COPEMI unit of the Armada Bolivariana de Venezuela (Venezuelan Navy)[176] — — —
CSAR unit of the Aviación Militar Venezolana (Venezuelan Air Force)[176] — — —
Ejército Libertador de Venezuela (Venezuelan Army)[176][177] — — —
Guardia Nacional de Venezuela (Venezuelan National Guard)[176] — — —
Various police forces[178][179] — — —

See also

References

  1. ↑ 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.13 1.14 1.15 Diez, Octavio (2000). Armament and Technology: Handguns. Barcelona: Lema Publications, S.L.. ISBN 9788484630135. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Hogg, Ian (2002). Jane's Guns Recognition Guide. Jane's Recognition Guides. Glasgow: Jane's Information Group and Collins Press. ISBN 9780007127603. 
  3. ↑ 3.00 3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07 3.08 3.09 3.10 3.11 Miller, David (2001). The Illustrated Directory of 20th Century Guns. London: Salamander Books Ltd.. ISBN 9781840652451. 
  4. ↑ 4.00 4.01 4.02 4.03 4.04 4.05 4.06 4.07 4.08 4.09 4.10 4.11 4.12 4.13 4.14 4.15 Marchington, James (2004). The Encyclopedia of Handheld Weapons. Miami: Lewis International, Inc.. ISBN 9781930983144. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 "FN Tactical Weapons - FN P90". FNH USA. 2009. http://www.fnhusa.com/le/products/firearms/family.asp?fid=FNF012&gid=FNG007. Retrieved December 23, 2009. 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 6.7 6.8 Gourley, S.; Kemp, I (November 26, 2003). "The Duellists". Jane's Defence Weekly (ISSN: 02653818), Volume 40 Issue 21, pp 26-28.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 7.7 7.8 7.9 Jones, Richard D.; Ness, Leland S., eds (January 27, 2009). Jane's Infantry Weapons 2009/2010 (35th ed.). Coulsdon: Jane's Information Group. ISBN 9780710628695. 
  8. ↑ Paulson, Al (November 1998). "On the Edge with the New FN P90 5.7x28mm". Guns and Weapons for Law Enforcement. http://remtek.com/arms/fn/p90/data/concept.htm. Retrieved January 14, 2009. 
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Oliver, David (2007). "In the Line of Fire". Global Defence Review. http://web.archive.org/web/20061016074936/www.global-defence.com/2006/Utilities/article.php?id=40. Retrieved October 19, 2009. 
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 Detty, Mike (October 2008). "FNH 5.7x28mm Dynamic Duo". Special Weapons. http://www.tactical-life.com/online/special-weapons/fnh-57x28mm-dynamic-duo. Retrieved November 21, 2009. 
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 White, Tim. (2009) (f4v). FN PS90 Product Video. FNH USA. http://www.fnhusa.com/le/flash/prodvid.asp?PS90.f4v. 
  12. ↑ Fortier, David M (June 10, 2009). "Another caliber for your AR: 5.7x28mm". Shotgun News.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Doc Random (March 16, 2008). "An In-Depth Look at the FN PS90". http://countryboyartillery.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=56:an-in-depth-look-at-the-fn-ps90&catid=40:reviews-firearms&Itemid=59. Retrieved July 15, 2010. 
  14. ↑ Watters, Daniel E.. "The 5.56 X 45mm Timeline: 1986-1989". The Gun Zone. http://www.thegunzone.com/556dw-9.html. Retrieved July 21, 2010. 
  15. ↑ "New P90 Round Puts FN on Road to the Next NATO Standard". International Defense Review (Switzerland), Volume 26 Issue 8 (August 1, 1993).
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 Watters, Daniel E.. "The 5.56 X 45mm Timeline: 1990-1994". The Gun Zone. http://www.thegunzone.com/556dw-10.html. Retrieved December 23, 2009. 
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 "FNH USA Ammunition - FN 5.7x28mm". FNH USA. 2009. http://www.fnhusa.com/le/products/firearms/ammo.asp. Retrieved December 23, 2009. 
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 "FN 5.7x28mm Ammunition". FNH USA. 2008. http://www.fnhusa1.com/PDF/FNH08ammunition.pdf. Retrieved December 23, 2009. 
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 19.2 19.3 19.4 19.5 "FNH USA Semi-Automatic Carbines — PS90". FNH USA. 2009. http://www.fnhusa.com/le/products/firearms/family.asp?fid=FNF009&gid=FNG006. Retrieved October 19, 2009. 
  20. ↑ "FNH USA, Inc. 5.7x28mm Weapon System". FNH USA. 2002. http://web.archive.org/web/20021225101159/www.fnhusa.com/contents/tw_57x28system.htm. Retrieved February 1, 2010. 
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 21.2 "Big Scale Progress for Small Arms". Global Defence Review. 2002. http://web.archive.org/web/20080515044827/http://www.global-defence.com/2002/weap-herstal.html. Retrieved October 20, 2009. 
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 22.2 22.3 Fortier, David (2008). "Military Ammo Today". Handguns Magazine. http://www.handgunsmag.com/ammunition/hg_militarytoday_200811. Retrieved October 19, 2009. 
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 23.2 23.3 23.4 23.5 23.6 Wall, Sandy (2002). "Spring 2003 Experiences with the FN P90". Hendon Publishing Co.. http://web.archive.org/web/20050310072413/http://www.trmagonline.com/Spring2003TR/spring2003experienceswiththefnp90.htm. Retrieved August 12, 2009. 
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 Cutshaw, Charlie (May 2006). "FN Herstal's Five-seveN Pistol". Tactical Response.
  25. ↑ Sterett, Larry S. (2005). "FN 5.7mm Five-seveN Pistol Makes Civilian Model Debut". Gun Week. http://www.gunweek.com/2005/feature0110.html. Retrieved October 19, 2009. 
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 26.2 Humphries, Michael O. (May 2008). "Radical Tactical Firepower". Tactical Weapons. http://www.tactical-life.com/online/tactical-weapons/radical-tactical-firepower. Retrieved August 12, 2009. 
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 27.2 Bahde, Dave (November 2009). "FNH Five-seveN ODG 5.7×28mm". Combat Handguns. http://www.tactical-life.com/online/combat-handguns/fnh-five-seven-odg-57x28mm. Retrieved November 28, 2009. 
  28. ↑ "U.S. Patent 4,905,394 (Top mounted longitudinal magazine)". United States Patent and Trademark Office. http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=4905394.PN.&OS=PN/4905394&RS=PN/4905394. Retrieved July 15, 2010. 
  29. ↑ "Ring Sights MC-10-80". Ring Sights. http://www.ringsights.com/Products/sights/SightsDesc/MC-10-80.htm. Retrieved June 28, 2010. 
  30. ↑ "P90 Sound Suppressor". FN Manufacturing LLC. 2002. http://web.archive.org/web/20021202040241/www.fnmfg.com/products/p90/p90silenced.htm. Retrieved February 2, 2010. 
  31. ↑ "Gemtech SP-90 suppressor". Jane's Infantry Weapons. May 22, 2008. http://www.janes.com/articles/Janes-Infantry-Weapons/Gemtech-SP-90-suppressor-United-States.html. Retrieved December 24, 2009. 
  32. ↑ "FN Tactical Weapons - FN P90 USG". FNH USA. 2009. http://www.fnhusa.com/le/products/firearms/model.asp?fid=FNF012&gid=FNG007&mid=FNM0035. Retrieved December 23, 2009. 
  33. ↑ "Revolution in Slow Motion". International Defense Review (Switzerland), Volume 29 Issue 1, pp 13-14 (January 01, 1996).
  34. ↑ "FN P90 Laser Target Designator". Remtek. 1999. http://www.remtek.com/arms/fn/p90/laser/index.htm. Retrieved December 23, 2009. 
  35. ↑ 35.0 35.1 Detty, Mike (January 1, 2008). "FNH USA PS90 Carbine". Police Magazine. http://www.policemag.com/Channel/Weapons/Articles/2008/01/FNH-USA-PS90-CARBINE.aspx. Retrieved October 14, 2009. 
  36. ↑ Rodriguez, Greg (2008). "FN's Fun 5.7 Firepower". Shooting Times. http://www.shootingtimes.com/longgun_reviews/st_fnsfirepower_200811. Retrieved October 24, 2009. 
  37. ↑ Popenker, Maxim. "FN P90 personal defense weapon/submachine gun". Modern Firearms. http://world.guns.ru/smg/smg13-e.htm. Retrieved April 12, 2010. 
  38. ↑ 38.0 38.1 "Peru's Special Forces: Operation Chavin de Huantar". http://www.specialoperations.com/Foreign/Peru/Assault.htm. Retrieved August 15, 2009. 
  39. ↑ 39.0 39.1 39.2 Oldham, Scott (January, 2007). "Law & Order Magazine — FN PS90 5.7mm Carbine". Hendon Publishing. http://www.hendonpub.com/resources/articlearchive/details.aspx?ID=978. Retrieved September 30, 2009. 
  40. ↑ 40.0 40.1 Allen, Terry J. (September 3, 2004). "On the Streets of New York: Security". In These Times. http://www.inthesetimes.com/article/1047/on_the_streets_of_new_york_security. Retrieved September 26, 2009. 
  41. ↑ "NRA Adds FN 5.7x28mm Caliber Firearms to Tactical Police Competition Standards". FNH USA. 2009. http://www.fnhusa.com/le/press/detail.asp?id=61. Retrieved May 13, 2010. 
  42. ↑ Noro, Lauro. "Cómo se hace un Buzo Táctico" (in Spanish). Def Digital Argentina. http://defdigital.com.ar/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=282:como-se-hace-un-buzo-tactico&catid=44:defensa&Itemid=112. Retrieved August 29, 2009. 
  43. ↑ Villada, Christian. "La ARA de visita en Puerto Madryn" (in Spanish). SAORBATS. http://www.saorbats.com.ar/GaleriaSaorbats/Madryn04/index.htm. Retrieved August 29, 2009. 
  44. ↑ Villamil, Roberto; Taibo, Javier (August 2009). "ARES World Defence & Security Nro. 12" (in Spanish). Ares Worldefense. http://www.aresworldefense.com/ares/pdf/12pdf.html. Retrieved December 25, 2009. 
  45. ↑ Villada, Christian. "Fotos de las Fuerzas Armadas Argentinas" (in Spanish). SAORBATS. http://www.saorbats.com.ar/GaleriaSaorbats/FFAA03/Fuerzas%20Amadas%20Argentinas.html. Retrieved August 29, 2009. 
  46. ↑ 46.0 46.1 Sünkler, Sören (March 6, 2008) (in German). Elite und Spezialeinheiten Europas [Elite and Special Forces in Europe]. Stuttgart: Motorbuch Verlag. ISBN 9783613028531. 
  47. ↑ (Seite 02) "Das Jagdkommando (Jakdo)" (in German). http://www.doppeladler.com/oebh/jakdo.htm (Seite 02). Retrieved August 12, 2009. 
  48. ↑ "EUFOR TCHAD CAR" (in German). http://www.doppeladler.com/oebh/tschad.htm. Retrieved January 5, 2010. 
  49. ↑ Meier, Joachim (2008). "Das Close Protection Team: Der Militärische Personenschutz im Kosovo" (in German). Austrian Armed Forces. http://www.heer.at/truppendienst/ausgaben/artikel.php?id=820. Retrieved October 13, 2009. 
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  51. ↑ Baumgartner, Franz (2009). "Militärstreife & Militärpolizei im ÖBH 2010" (in German). Austrian Armed Forces. http://www.heer.at/truppendienst/ausgaben/artikel.php?id=835. Retrieved October 13, 2009. 
  52. ↑ Sueur, émilie (August 28, 2008). "L'Engagement Militaire Belge a Désormais un Volet Maritime" (in French). La Libre Belgique. http://www.lalibre.be/actu/international/article/441721/l-engagement-militaire-belge-a-desormais-un-volet-maritime.html. Retrieved January 5, 2010. 
  53. ↑ 53.0 53.1 Bacquelaine, Daniel (May 27, 2004). "Les fusils FN F2000" (in French). Daniel Bacquelaine: Député-bourgmestre de Chaudfontaine. http://www.bacquelaine.be/Html/articles.php?id=197. Retrieved September 29, 2009. 
  54. ↑ 54.0 54.1 "Question Orale de Mme Isabelle Durant au Ministre de la Défense sur l'Appel d'Offres pour de Nouveaux Fusils pour la Défense Nationale (nº 3-328)" (in French). Belgian Senate. May 27, 2004. http://www.senate.be/www/?MIval=/publications/viewTBlok&DATUM='05/27/2004'&TYP=handeen&VOLGNR=2&LANG=fr. Retrieved October 15, 2009. 
  55. ↑ Dupont, Gilbert (July 11, 2001). "Cent P90 (l'Arme du 3e Millénaire) Dans la Nature..." (in French). DH News. http://www.dhnet.be/infos/faits-divers/article/28920/cent-p90-l-arme-du-3e-millenaire-dans-la-nature.html. Retrieved October 1, 2009. 
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  66. ↑ Lasterra, Juan Pablo (2008). "La Police Militaire Brésillienne en état de Guerre" (in Spanish). Police Pro No. 11 (September 2008).
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  133. ↑ Mateus, Bruno Contreiras (July 6, 2008). "Superpolícias Preparados para o Pior" (in Portuguese). Correio da Manhã. http://www.cmjornal.xl.pt/noticia.aspx?channelid=00000019-0000-0000-0000-000000000019&contentid=E88AF539-CD52-4AE6-960D-C60EC1E4083D. Retrieved October 23, 2009. 
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  142. ↑ "Aire 06 - Exposición Sabado 3 de Junio" (in Spanish). June 3, 2006. http://www.lopegran.net/aviacion/aire06/estatica.html. Retrieved October 1, 2009. 
  143. ↑ Madhuban, Reita (October 2, 2005). "Five Seven Pistool in Omloop" (in Dutch). Dagblad Suriname. http://www.dbsuriname.com/archief/nat/2005/feb05/10-02-05/Nat_Five%20Seven%20Pistool%20in%20omloop.asp. Retrieved January 2, 2010. 
  144. ↑ "Vlaams Parlement Stuk 1815 (2002-2003) – Nr. 3". Vlaams Parlement. May 6, 2004. http://jsp.vlaamsparlement.be/docs/stukken/2002-2003/g1815-3.pdf. Retrieved April 24, 2010. 
  145. ↑ "Taiwan Faces G11 Snub" (December 1, 1992). Defence UK, Volume 23 Issue 12, p 6.
  146. ↑ Popenker, Maxim (October 31, 2001). "FN P90 Personal Defense Weapon/Submachine Gun". Modern Firearms. http://web.archive.org/web/20011031182837/http://world.guns.ru/smg/smg13-e.htm. Retrieved October 17, 2009. 
  147. ↑ "Trinidad & Tobago Land Forces military equipment, armament and vehicles". Army Recognition magazine. http://www.armyrecognition.com/trinidad_tobago_army_land_ground_defense_forces_uk/trinidad_tobago_army_land_ground_armed_defense_forces_military_equipment_armored_vehicle_uk.html. Retrieved June 10, 2010. 
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  150. ↑ "Hayata Dönüs ilk kez Gün Isigina çikti" (in Turkish). Radikal. July 7, 2009. http://www.radikal.com.tr/Radikal.aspx?aType=RadikalHaberDetay&ArticleID=943931&Date=07.07.2009&CategoryID=97. Retrieved August 29, 2009. 
  151. ↑ "Formula Pistini özel tim Koruyacak" (in Turkish). Istanbul Haber. June 3, 2009. http://www.istanbulhaber.com.tr/haber/formula-pistini-ozel-tim-koruyacak-6213.htm. Retrieved September 23, 2009. 
  152. ↑ "Türkiye BTC'ye Kilitlendi" (in Turkish). Vatan. July 12, 2006. http://w9.gazetevatan.com/haberdetay.asp?detay=0&tarih=29.09.2009&Newsid=81899&Categoryid=1. Retrieved September 28, 2009. 
  153. ↑ "United Nations Register of Conventional Arms: Small Arms Imports and Exports". United Nations. July 14, 2009. http://disarmament.un.org/Library.nsf/aeca18509aa92c5c852575610076cc98/6a3ed5f0b94de9ca85257624004bc4c9/$FILE/A-64-135.pdf. Retrieved December 26, 2009. 
  154. ↑ "Immigration & Customs Enforcement — Ammunition Solicitation Number". Federal Business Opportunities. September 10, 2005. https://www.fbo.gov/index?print_preview=1&s=opportunity&mode=form&id=62c8eeddbdcda0cf5644995690744cf4&tab=core&tabmode=list. Retrieved September 30, 2009. 
  155. ↑ "White House Photo Blog: Armed and Dangerous". Time magazine. October 30, 2009. http://www.time.com/time/politics/whitehouse/photos/0,27424,1933558,00.html. Retrieved November 24, 2009. 
  156. ↑ "A Stability Police Force for the United States: Justification and Options for Creating U.S. Capabilities". RAND Corporation. 2009. http://www.rand.org/pubs/monographs/2009/RAND_MG819.pdf. Retrieved September 26, 2009. 
  157. ↑ "Covert Big Guns". Combat Handguns. June 2007. http://www.tactical-life.com/online/combat-handguns/covert-big-guns. Retrieved August 12, 2009. 
  158. ↑ "Inside the Secret Service: Locked, Loaded". LIFE magazine. December 14, 2009. http://www.life.com/image/ugc1023372/in-gallery/37872/inside-the-secret-service. Retrieved March 6, 2010. 
  159. ↑ Collier, Alicia M. (December 16, 2007). "Addison Police Pack Powerful, Futuristic Rifle". Dallas News. http://www.dallasnews.com/sharedcontent/dws/news/city/northdallas/stories/DN-ndfocus_14met.ART.West.Edition1.373fa87.html. Retrieved October 12, 2009. 
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  162. ↑ "Alaska Office of Management & Budget — Trooper Law Enforcement Equipment". State of Alaska. 2003. http://www.gov.state.ak.us/omb/03_OMB/budget/PublicSafety/proj32261.pdf. Retrieved September 27, 2009. 
  163. ↑ Robinson, Carol (November 14, 2008). "Standoff Continues Outside Apartment". Alabama Local. http://blog.al.com/spotnews/2008/11/man_holding_woman_at_gunpoint.html. Retrieved September 1, 2009. 
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